The term, hyperosmotic describes: an extracellular solution that has higher solute concentration than the fluid inside the cell; a solution inside the cell that has lower solute concentration than the fluid outside the cell.
Hyperosmotic Solution- A bigger difference between solutes and solutions across a membrane is referred to as being hyperosmotic, as well as solutions with higher osmotic pressure. In other contexts, the term "hyperosmotic" refers to a solution that contains more solutes (or solution constituents) than a comparable solution.
Solute Concentration- The quantity of solutes and particles dissolved in a solution is the definition of solute concentration. A solute's solubility refers to its capacity to dissolve in a solvent.
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Shearing forces-rationale: friction, impaired circulation, localized pressure, and shearing forces are all risk factors of pressure ulcer development; trapeze use reduces shearing forces. shearing forces (opposing forces that cause layers of skin to move over each other, stretching and tearing capillaries and, eventually, resulting in necrosis) can occur as clients slide down in bed or are pulled up in bed. subcutaneous skin layers adhere to the sheets while deeper layers, muscle, and bone slide in the direction of movement. to reduce shearing forces, the nurse should instruct the client to use an overbed trapeze, place a draw sheet under the client to move him up in bed, and keep the head of the bed no higher than 30 degrees.client needs category: physiological integrityclient needs subcategory: basic care and comfortcognitive level: applicationreference: taylor, c., et al. fundamentals of nursing: the art and science of nursing care, 6th ed. philadelphia: lippincott williams & wilkins, 2008, p. 1196.
Answer:
The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has historically been compared to phenol.
Explanation:
The effectiveness of a disinfectant or antiseptic can be determined in a number of ways. Historically, a chemical agent’s effectiveness was often compared with that of phenol, the first chemical agent used by Joseph Lister. In 1903, British chemists Samuel Rideal (1863–1929) and J. T. Ainslie Walker (1868–1930) established a protocol to compare the effectiveness of a variety of chemicals with that of phenol, using as their test organisms Staphylococcus aureus (a gram-positive bacterium) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (a gram-negative bacterium). They exposed the test bacteria to the antimicrobial chemical solutions diluted in water for 7.5 minutes. They then calculated a phenol coefficient for each chemical for each of the two bacteria tested. A phenol coefficient of 1.0 means that the chemical agent has about the same level of effectiveness as phenol. A chemical agent with a phenol coefficient of less than 1.0 is less effective than phenol. An example is formalin, with phenol coefficients of 0.3 (S. aureus) and 0.7 (S. enterica serovar Typhi). A chemical agent with a phenol coefficient greater than 1.0 is more effective than phenol, such as chloramine, with phenol coefficients of 133 and 100, respectively. Although the phenol coefficient was once a useful measure of effectiveness, it is no longer commonly used because the conditions and organisms used were arbitrarily chosen.
Answer:
Burning coal releases mercury into the atmosphere. It falls into sediments and is converted into methyl mercury by bacteria
Explanation:
