d. scientific innovation is directly related to economic growth.
At the battle of tours, frankish leader charles martel,a christian, deafeats a large army of spanish moors, halting the muslim advance into western europe
In a letter to George Washington, written before the opening of the constitutional convention in Philadelphia, Madison proposed a plan that would increase the power of the central government and allow it to act as "a negative in all cases whatsoever on the legislative acts of the States."
Answer:
European nations supported the colonists rather than Great Britain during the American Revolution due to long-standing bitterness toward Britain, and because the colonies had proven themselves a formidable force during the war. ... Spain also had bitterness toward Great Britain.
Explanation: