Answer:
Cities begin to fail from economic decline, usually resulting from war, debt, or lack of production and work force. Population decline affects a large number of communities, both communities that are far removed from and deep within large urban centers.
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The literary device that Gordimer employs in the excerpt is Imagery.
Imagery is a literary device used to represent objects, actions, and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses. Usually it is thought that imagery makes use of particular words that create visual representation of ideas in our minds.