The correct answer is: Counsel is provided for all defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys.
Gideon v. Wainwright set out the requirement for counsel in criminal cases.
Peter the Hermit was an attentive listener to Pope Urban II's cries and begged that people have to rescue the Holy Sepulchre. He was a monk and was part of the holy men in the audience. Because he was so stirred with the speech of Pope Urban II, he began preaching to men, women, and children in favor of war against the Turks.
He was able to gather many people and that started the Crusade. Alongside other leaders, he led one side of the troop and began the march. People waged to rescue Jerusalem from the Mohammedans. Therefore, the answer to this item is the first choice.
Cultural: The Enlightenment philosophy desacralized the authority of the monarchy and the Catholic Church, and promoted a new society based on reason instead of traditions.
Social: The emergence of an influential bourgeoisie which was formally part of the Third Estate (commoners) but had evolved into a caste with its own agenda and aspired to political equality with the clergy (First Estate) and the aristocracy (Second Estate).
Financial: France's debt, aggravated by French involvement in the American Revolution, led Louis XVI to implement new taxations and to reduce privileges.
Political: Louis XVI faced strong opposition from provincial parlements which were the spearheads of the privileged classes' resistance to royal reforms.
Economic: The deregulation of the grain market, advocated by liberal economists, resulted in an increase in bread prices. In periods of bad harvests, it would lead to food scarcity which would prompt the masses to revolt.
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