The storage of food and water first and foremost, as both spoiled on ships of the period. Secondly, one would worry about getting lost. No GPS and no actual way to tell where you are if a wind or storm blew you slightly off course. Imagine how impossible it would be for a ship to travel in a perfectly straight line whilst traveling the entire span of the Atlantic, Pacific, or even smaller bodies of water such as the Mediterranean.
Answer:
B) higher order conditioning (second-order conditioning).
Explanation:
Higher-Order Conditioning: In psychology, the term higher-order conditioning is also referred to as second-order conditioning which is a part of the classical conditioning theory, and is defined as a particular situation in which a specific stimulus that has been formerly a neutral stimulus is being paired or connected with a conditioned stimulus or CS to produce or create the exact same condition response as the CS or conditioned stimulus does.
In the question above, the experimenter has demonstrated the higher-order conditioning.
