The main reason that the earlier historians considered the Medieval Period the Dark Ages was because there was a limited amount of information given about that time period.
Answer:
I think,May be first one?
The Mexican-American war of 1846-1848 was justified in the opinions of many by the idea of "Manifest Destiny" since this held that the US was "destined" to expand to the Pacific Ocean.
The Middle East mostly between Israel and its Arab neighbors