t’s always going to be an asymmetrical comparison.
Do you compare the Roman empire as its peak with 12th century France or just Roman Gaul? Significant parts of Europe were never under Roman control to begin with and those would have been more advanced in the early middle ages than during Roman times. Besides that many regions of Europe such as Britannia, Gaul, Germania and the Danube region had a low population during Roman times whereas they had a higher one during the Middle Ages.
A, Washington encouraged isolationism, Monroe instituted his doctrine, then imperialism, and finally interventionism to prevent communism and protect business interests
Kipling, a racist but very educated moron-poet, believe that British culture was superior to all else. The white man's burden is to civilize the "beasts" that were the people they colonized.
Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared.
