During his youth, Cornelius Vanderbilt worked in the ferries of New York, resigning to the school at the age of 11 years. By age 16, he was operating his own passenger transportation business between Staten Island and Manhattan.
During the War of 1812, he received a government contract to provide supplies to the forts located around the city of New York, by sailing schooners, office for which he earned his nickname "Commodore."
In 1818 he turned his attention to steamboats. The New York legislation gave Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston a legal monopoly on the traffic of steam vessels, which legally prohibited competition. Working for Thomas Gibbons, Vanderbilt competed by improving the prices offered by Fulton and Livingston for service between New Brunswick (New Jersey) and Manhattan, an important section of the commercial route between New York and Philadelphia.
Vanderbilt managed to sneak away from those who sought to arrest him and confiscate his boat. Livingston and Fulton offered him a lucrative job piloting his boat, but Vanderbilt declined the offer saying "I do not care so much about making money, but try my arguments and get an advantage." For Vanderbilt, the argument was the superiority of free competition and the malice of government monopolies, and as a result Livingston and Fulton filed a lawsuit; the case reached the Supreme Court of the United States and finally ended the monopoly of Fulton and Livingston.
In 1829 Vanderbilt became independent to provide steam boat service on the Hudson River between Manhattan and Albany, New York. By the 1840s he had 100 steamships scouring the Hudson and a reputation for more employees than any other business in the United States. During the California Gold Rush in 1849, he offered transportation through a shortcut through Nicaragua to California, eliminating 960 kilometers of the route and 50% of the cost of a trip through the Isthmus of Panama.
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The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane, lit. 'Sale of Louisiana') was the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from Napoleonic France in 1803. In return for fifteen million dollars, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi (2,140,000 km ; 530,000,000 acres). However, France only controlled a small fraction of this area, most of it inhabited by Native Americans; for the majority of the area, what the United States bought was the "preemptive" right to obtain "Indian" lands by treaty or by conquest, to the exclusion of other colonial powers. The total cost of all subsequent treaties and financial settlements over the land has been estimated to be around 2.6 billion dollars. The Kingdom of France had controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. In 1800, Napoleon, the First Consul of the French Republic, regained ownership of Louisiana as part of a broader project to re-establish a French colonial empire in North America. However, France's failure to put down a revolt in Saint-Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to consider selling Louisiana to the United States. Acquisition of Louisiana was a long-term goal of President Thomas Jefferson, who was especially eager to gain control of the crucial Mississippi River port of New Orleans. Jefferson tasked James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston with purchasing New Orleans. Negotiating with French Treasury Minister François Barbé-Marbois (who was acting on behalf of Napoleon)
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