French Revolution (French: Révolution française French pronunciation: [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, catalyzed violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon who brought many of its principles to areas he conquered in Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies.[1] Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.[2][3][4]
French Revolution
The Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789
Date5 May 1789 – 9 November 1799
(10 years, 6 months and 4 days)LocationKingdom of FranceOutcome
Abolition of the French monarchy
Establishment of a secular and democratic republic that became increasingly authoritarian and militaristic
Radical social change based on liberalism and other Enlightenmentprinciples
Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Armed conflicts with other European countries
The causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians. Following the Seven Years' War and the American Revolution,[5] the French government was deeply in debt. It attempted to restore its financial status through unpopular taxation schemes, which were heavily regressive. Leading up to the Revolution, years of bad harvests worsened by deregulationof the grain industry also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the aristocracy and the Catholic clergy of the established church. Some historians hold something similar to what Thomas Jefferson proclaimed: that France had "been awakened by our [American] Revolution."[6]Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates General in May 1789. During the first year of the Revolution, members of the Third Estate (commoners) took control, the Bastille was attacked in July, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was passed in August, and a group of women marched on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October. A central event of the first stage, in August 1789, was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime.
The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms. The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792 after the French victory at Valmy. In a momentous event that led to international condemnation, Louis XVI was executed in January 1793.
Answer:
Architecture: In ancient India, architecture styles were followed in variations to strengthen their habitat survival. Stones and lime mortar were used to build super high temples, forts and houses. This is similar to the Roman civilization Architecture lifestyle pattern.
Urban planning: Roads, Sewers and water supply lines servicing to the people lived in urban areas were planned and laid. Center for education , army , business were established to improve the lifestyle of people.
Trade: Coins were created to trade within people of local and foreign countries which were followed throughout the globe. There were records of Roman coins found in archaeological sites which proved that the coin exchange existed.
Religious life: Spiritual life and life around one supreme power was widely believed and followed through building temples, worships and related literature.
Explanation:
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A. racially segregated facilities.
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Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. ... As a result, restrictive Jim Crow legislation and separate public accommodations based on race became commonplace.
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