It failed because China is a land of the proletariat and the ruling party is a communist one while the fifth modernization was about introducing democracy. Since the party represents the working class and the will of the people in theory, democracy is against it since it would enable those who are against the party to also compete which would in theory mean that they are against the people.
Based on history, Spain and Portugal were the first one to colonize the nearby country making the country expand on its territory. Meanwhile, Portugal mainly focusing on the trades and economy of its country. In contrary to this, Spain got an idea to find spices from nearby country since it was at that time has a greater value.But, It is the Spain send missionaries and friars to nearby country to Christianize those native people.
The Non-cooperation movement (1920-1922) started after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, by the Congress under Gandhi's guidance. The purpose of this movement was to protest in opposition to the repressive policies of the British and to achieve self-government. The Non-cooperation movement was successful and was only in its final phases when the Chauri Chaura episode happened, where 22 policemen were killed after peasants attacked and burnt the police station. This event disgusted Gandhi as he was against violence with no exceptions.
The two groups into which the Congress divided after the Non-cooperation movement were the <em>pro-changers </em>and the <em>no-changers</em>.
The <em>pro-changers</em> group wanted to terminate the prohibition of elections to Legislative Councils. They felt that the conformation of the system was only possible by competing elections and gaining access to the legislature. It had leaders like Motial Nehru, Vithalbhai Patel and C R Das.
The <em>no-changers</em> group initiated a new party with the same Swaraj Party, in order to work as a group inside the Congress. They entered the legislature through elections and made it inconvenient and hard for the British to get their policies passed. Its leaders were Rajendra Prasad, C Rajagopalachari, and Vallabhbhai Patel.
The main factor that led to the development of the four major river valley civilizations was its closeness to rivers, which was a food source, its flooding allowed for fertile soil, allowed easy transportation and cities near them were easier to defend.
The fact that fewer people had to dedicate to the production of food allowed some of them to develop other activities, such as the construction of building and cities, metal working, trade and social organization. This led to a social division, the ones that worked and the ones that ruled, creating intricate systems of governments and religions that ideologically sustained those in power.
