Question

In research described in the text, niedenthal and others (2012) related pacifier use during infancy to impaired socioemotional development later on. however, the researchers stated that "the studies . . . do not allow causal conclusions, as the children were not randomly assigned to pacifier use." based on this information, one can infer that the studies were _____, rather than _____.

Answer 1

Based on this information, one can infer that the studies were correlational, rather than experimental.

Correlational research simply defines if there is a relationship between two variables (covariation). This study greatly differs with experimental studies. Experimental studies is a method where treatments( independent variable)  are applied and the effects(dependent variable) are observed and recorded.