Changes in a DNA sequence that affect genetic information are known as mutations.
Answer:
Repair mechanism for base cleavage (BER)
Explanation:
Repair by base cleavage (BER)
The altered bases are specifically recognized by glycosylases and removed, generating an AP site. The hole is filled by a DNA polymerase that takes the healthy strand as a template. This system arises not only by exposure to external agents, but also by the cell's own activity.
In case of damage in more than one nucleotide, repair by nucleotide excision (NER) is performed.
Nucleotide excision repair (NER)
The damaged area is recognized by UvrA and B, then A and B separate and UvrC enters which forms a complex with endonuclease activity with B. This enzyme cuts the T-dimer and the gap is filled by a DNA polymerase. There is also the TC-NER system (transcription-coupled nucleotide repair system). The alteration of these mechanisms gives rise to diseases such as: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Trichotiodystrophy or Cockayne Syndrome
Answer:
During the day in the light reactions of photosynthesis
Explanation:
B. is the correct answer I think
Most people will have a minor neck problem at one time or another. Our body movements usually do not cause problems, but it's not surprising that symptoms develop from everyday wear and tear, overuse, or injury. Neck problems and injuries most commonly occur during sports or recreational activities, work-related tasks, or projects around the home.
Neck pain may feel like a "kink," stiffness, or severe pain. Pain may spread to the shoulders, upper back, or arms, or it may cause a headache. Neck movement may be limited, usually more to one side than the other. Neck pain refers to pain anywhere from the area at the base of the skull into the shoulders. The neck includes:
The bones and joints of the cervical spine (vertebrae of the neck).
The discs that separate the cervical vertebrae and absorb shock as you move.
The muscles and ligaments in the neck that hold the cervical spine together.
Neck pain may be caused by an injury to one or more of these areas, or it may have another cause. Home treatment will often help relieve neck pain caused by minor injuries.
Activities that may cause neck pain
Neck pain is often caused by a strain or spasm of the neck muscles or inflammation of the neck joints. Examples of common activities that may cause this type of minor injury include:
Holding your head in a forward posture or odd position while working, watching TV, or reading.
Sleeping on a pillow that is too high or too flat or that doesn't support your head, or sleeping on your stomach with your neck twisted or bent.
Spending long periods of time resting your forehead on your upright fist or arm ("thinker's pose").
Stress. Tension may make the muscles that run from the back of the head across the back of the shoulder (trapezius muscle) feel tight and painful.
Work or exercise that uses your upper body and arms.
Sudden (acute) injuries
Minor neck injuries may result from tripping, falling a short distance, or excessive twisting of the spine. Severe neck injuries may result from whiplash in a car accident, falls from significant heights, direct blows to the back or the top of the head, sports-related injuries, a penetrating injury such as a stab wound, or external pressure applied to the neck, such as strangulation.
Pain from an injury may be sudden and severe. Bruising and swelling may develop soon after the injury. Acute injuries include:
An injury to the ligaments or muscles in the neck, such as a sprain or strain. When neck pain is caused by muscle strain, you may have aches and stiffness that spread to your upper arm, shoulder, or upper back. Shooting pain that spreads down the arm into the hand and fingers can be a symptom of a pinched nerve (nerve root compression). Shooting pain is more serious if it occurs in both arms or both hands rather than just one arm or one hand.
A fracture or dislocation of the spine. This can cause a spinal cord injury that may lead to permanent paralysis. It is important to use correct first aid to immobilize and transport the injured person correctly to reduce the risk of permanent paralysis.
A torn or ruptured disc. If the tear is large enough, the jellylike material inside the disc may leak out (herniate) and press against a nerve or the spinal cord (central disc herniation). You may have a headache, feel dizzy or sick to your stomach, or have pain in your shoulder or down your arm.
