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The 1830 Revolution ended the rule of Charles X over France, and Louis Philippe was placed on the French throne. Some of the causes of the French Revolution was the severe economic problems beginning in 1846 brought untold hardship in France to the lower-middle class, workers, and peasants.
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1394-1460. Prince of Portugal who led military campaigns in North Africa and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice.