Answer:
Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a hydrogen atom.
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Answer:
Chloroplasts are the ’solar energy plants’ of a cell – they convert light energy into chemical energy
This chemical energy may be either ATP (light dependent) or organic compounds (light independent)
Only photosynthetic tissue possess chloroplasts (e.g. is present in leaves but not roots of plants)
Chloroplasts are thought to have once been independent prokaryotes that were internalised by eukaryotes via endosymbiosis
They have a double membrane structure (due to vesicular coating as part of the endocytotic process)
They have their own DNA (circular and naked) and ribosomes (70S)
Their metabolic processes are susceptible to certain antibiotics
The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to the function it performs:
Thylakoids – flattened discs have a small internal volume to maximise hydrogen gradient upon proton accumulation
Grana – thylakoids are arranged into stacks to increase SA:Vol ratio of the thylakoid membrane
Photosystems – pigments organised into photosystems in thylakoid membrane to maximise light absorption
Stroma – central cavity that contains appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Calvin cycle to occur
Lamellae – connects and separates thylakoid stacks (grana), maximising photosynthetic efficiency
Explanation:
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Cells clump together during a process called agglutination as a result of the accumulation of antigens and antibodies.
Immune complexes are created when soluble antigens are brought together by the appropriate antibody molecules, and they become visible when they are big enough to precipitate out of the solution.
- The interaction between antibody molecules and the associated antigen molecules causes both agglutination and precipitation processes.
- Agglutination, on the other hand, is the clumping of cells that occurs when one antibody binds several antigens at once.
- Contrarily, precipitation occurs when soluble antigens and soluble antibodies interact to form a clear, insoluble substance known as the precipitate.
- Agglutination takes place when a target antigen, also known as isoagglutinin, interacts with a corresponding antibody in the presence of an electrolyte at the right temperature and pH, leading to the development of apparent clumps or aggregates.
- Precipitation happens when an electrolyte, an antigen, and a soluble antigen interact at the right temperature and pH to create cross-links or precipitates that sink to the bottom of the solution.
learn more about agglutination here: brainly.com/question/13022582
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Answer:the year was 1996 when an animal was first cloned
Explanation:
