Im pretty sure its b. establish an international organization dedicated to peaceful resolutions of conflicts
Question 11: I'm guessing number 4, since the reform movements that arose during the antebellum period in America focused on specific issues: temperance, abolishing imprisonment for debt, pacifism, antislavery, abolishing capital punishment, amelioration of prison conditions
Question 12: Spoils system, also called patronage system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favors. So it would be number 3
That way if it someone they have never met they can use that in their defense and if they do know this person and they know that person is holding a grudge or purposely trying to ruin their reputation the defense can object
