The answer is the second one or Supranationalism
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The history of the holiday dates back to the pagan beliefs of the Celts; however, Western Christians on this day established a large and joyful holiday - “All Saints Day.” This choice, of course, was not accidental. It is associated with the name of the first Irish Christian who was not afraid to speak out against the forces of darkness in those days when, according to the beliefs of his people, evil received particular power. This man was St. Patrick.
Halloween mythology is rooted in Celtic paganism. In their calendar, on this day, theer is the festival Samhain. Julius Caesar, waging wars in Gaul, commenting on some Celtic religious ideas, noted that on Samhain day, a door between worlds opened and the gods freely entered the space of human life. The road was open both ways. However, after preaching of St. Patrick, in about half a century, Ireland, from a country where wild sacrifice reigned, turned into an “island of scientists and saints." People ceased to be afraid of “intruders” from the other world. Celtic society was pleased to be free from the dubious “cultural heritage” of paganism, which required murder and terrifying. Namely on this day Celtic Christians in the 8th century began to celebrate the memory of all saints.
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The black death came from fleas. Rats in China had these fleas, and they found their way to Europe. The black death spread so easily because a) there was no proper hygiene, b) cities were often crowded and animals would walk around the streets with humans, c) the 'treatments' that doctors had really didn't have anything to do with the black death. In the end, the black death ended up killing 1/3 of Europe's population and was actually one of the reasons why the feudal system ended.
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The English Bill of Rights is an act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689. The Bill creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech.
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