The Middle Passage was the crossing from Africa to the Americas, which the ships made carrying their ‘cargo’ of slaves. It was so-called because it was the middle section of the trade route taken by many of the ships. The first section (the ‘Outward Passage’ ) was from Europe to Africa. Then came the Middle Passage, and the ‘Return Passage’ was the final journey from the Americas to Europe. The Middle Passage took the enslaved Africans away from their homeland. They were from different countries and different ethnic (or cultural) groups. They spoke different languages. Many had never seen the sea before, let alone been on a ship. They had no knowledge of where they were going or what awaited them there.The slaves were packed below the decks of the ship. The men were usually shackled together in pairs using leg irons, or shackles. Some leg irons are pictured here. The men were considered dangerous, as they were mostly young and strong and likely to turn on their captors if the opportunity arose. People were packed so close that they could not get to the toilet buckets, and so lay in their own filth. Seasickness, heat and lack of air all contributed to the terrible smell. These conditions also encouraged disease, particularly fever and the ‘bloody flux’ or gastroenteritis (a serious stomach bug). The voyage usually took six to eight weeks, but bad weather could increase this to 13 weeks or more. This engraving (a type of print) of the slave ship the Brookes, from Liverpool, shows the slaves packed into the hold of the ship. It shows 295 enslaved Africans, this was the legal number the ship could carry after a change in the law. The Dolben Act of 1788 regulated the number of slaves according to the size of the ship. On a previous voyage the Brookes had carried 609. If you look carefully at the Brookes picture, you can see the leg irons shackling the men together at the ankle.
1: it established a direct trade network between Portugal and India
2: the monarchy received a portion of all treasures taken...
Answer:
Spanish developed extractive industries in precious metals, whereas English were more likely to establish economies based on trade. More royal control over Spanish colonies than English because English were settled to escape political and religious persecution.
It was the first battles of the revolutionary war, British soldiers shot at americans, many colonists began to question their attachment to Britain. At the formal start of the American War for Independence, the Battles of Lexington and Concord led to support for the independence movement for several reasons. For one thing, the Lexington battle demonstrated yet again the British willingness to shed American blood, and this galvanized many Americans. For another thing, the American victory at Concord inspired confidence in many <span>Americans that the British could be beaten in a war.Hope this helps</span>
