A. Social Darwinism
A quote I found sums this question up, but it'd be better to do some side research.
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"<span>the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform."</span>
Answer:
D. The civilization had a functioning government in place that decided the law of the land.
Explanation:
The discovery of the <em>official-looking seal</em> and the<em> clay tablet containing the laws which the civilization have to follow</em> shows that they have a functioning government. This means that the society has a leader and they followed a set of rules.
It wasn't clearly stated in the statement whether the head was a king but it mentioned that the seal<em> was much like what a king would use. </em>So we cannot conclude that all civilizations were ruled by kings. <em>This makes choice A incorrect. </em>
Based on the information given, we're not sure whether it was the king who wrote the rules on the clay tablets. <em>This makes choice B incorrect.</em>
The statements above didn't show any evidence that the rulers were governors and not kings, so we cannot assume as well. <em>This makes choice C incorrect.</em>
"Gospel of Wealth' by Andrew Carnegie was written to the 'new' upper class - those that made their own riches (not 'old money'). It was intended to describe their responsibility to share their wealth through philanthropy.
Unequal treatment. Hope my answer helps you!
They believe that they would be ignored if representation was based on population while large states, because they will not have the same advantages that the big states have.
