It was that "Flat land with poor drainage led to salinization from irrigation waters," that was a factor in the decline of Sumer, since this led to a build up of salt in the soil, which greatly reduced agricultural output.
The German economy was especially vulnerable since it was built upon foreign capital, mostly loans from America and was very dependent on foreign trade. When those loans suddenly came due and when the world market for German exports dried up, the well oiled German industrial machine quickly ground to a halt.
1 is long term because it’s talking about a process that took years. 2 is short term because the population boom was very sudden. 3 is long term because the effect spans centuries.
More technology and innovation lead to faster and more efficient production, leading to more profits for companies and more money for the growing economy.
