If I remember this right, it was the French.
<span>The HMO Act of 1973 helped to cement the HMO into the U.S. health system by providing grants to start or expand HMOs, removing many restrictions imposed by the individual states, and required employers with more than 25 employees to offer a federally-certified HMO to employees.</span><span>
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It protects the people from government searches and seizures which applies to cases that are only deemed unreasonable under law.
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The Pendleton Civil Service Act in 1883 was passed by Congress to prevent the constant reward to loyal party members. It established the principle of hiring federal employees on the basis of merit rather than political affiliation. It prohibited the workers from directly being involved in federal political campaigns.
Explanation: