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The American Civil War (1861–1865) became inevitable when the South opened fire on Fort Sumter in 1861.
By 1861, there were many obvious differences between the North and South. For example, the South's labor force was primarily agricultural. But less than half of the North's laborers worked in agriculture. The South was rural while the North had most of the largest urban centers. Slavery was an important institution in the South and Southern leaders were almost always slave owners. Although there were many differences between the two regions, the United States was one nation in 1860. Not until shots were fired at Fort Sumter did they become enemies on the battlefield.
There had been numerous factious quarrels between the North and the South before war erupted, and these occurred between 1820 and 1860. In 1820, the Missouri Compromise dealt with the question of slavery in the West.
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Spanish explorer and conquistador Hernando de Soto
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After slavery was ended in the United States and African Americans were to be considered full citizens, many states in the South implemented voting laws that were meant to block African Americans from actual voting access. One of these measures compelled voters to prove to voting authorities that they could read and write in English. The black community had less access to education than whites even after slavery was ended; thus their literacy rates were lower. The authorities (who were white) administering the tests also were known to be biased in whether they considered a person to have passed the tests or not.
Poll taxes were another measure used to block the black vote. African Americans experienced much poverty because of prejudice against them in the economic system of the country, so poll taxes could keep them from going to the polls to vote.
"Grandfather clauses" were also implemented, which were exemptions granted to those whose forefathers ("grandfathers") had full voting rights prior to the Civil War. That way, if there were poor or illiterate whites, they could vote freely while blacks (whose ancestors had been slaves) were subjected to the laws restricting their voting ability.
These sorts of restrictions against black voters prompted much of the activism of the civil rights movement that began in the middle of the 20th century.