Answer:
Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794) wrote On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was influential against the idea that punishment serves retribution. He reasoned that the purpose of imprisonment was the protection of society and the reform of criminals. Beccaria’s book is believed to have been influential in the abolition of torture and maiming as routine criminal punishments by the mid-nineteenth century.
Explanation:
He is well remembered for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology. Beccaria is considered the father of modern criminal law and the father of criminal justice.
Occupation: Jurist, philosopher, economist, politician, and lawyer.
End of <span>the Civil War to 1900</span>
An urban area that controls neighboring farmland but is not under the control of any empire or another government is called as the city-state. The city-state is like a small country that governs small city or cities and is not being managed by another government.
Answer: b) raise the discount rate and buy securities
The correct answer is 4. The West African kingdoms had trading contacts with the cities of the Mediterranean.
Explanation
The image shows a map of Africa showing the caravan trade routes with dotted lines and different communities such as Nubia, Axum, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Most of the trade routes are in the northwestern part of the continent connecting western communities such as Benin, and Timbuktu with Mediterranean African cities (cities located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea) such as Carthage and Tripoli. According to the above, it can be inferred that the correct respect is 4. The West African kingdoms had trading contacts with the cities of the Mediterranean.
