12 is b) uncontrollable
13 is d) monetary policy
The mandate of Heaven was the idea that the gods gave the power to rule to ancient Chinese governments. If the government became corrupt because of overtaxing, Natural disasters or the common people revolted because of mistreatment, they believed that the government had lost the mandate of heaven and then the commoners established a new government to rule. This was a reoccurring cycle.
By this statement Mark Twain wanted to say that expansion of other lands was a cruel and unnatural process.Twain was vice-president of the American Anti-Imperialist League and he wrote many political pamphlets for the organization. This organization opposed the annexation of the Philippines by the United States.
