Answer:
The correct answer is - decreased population size at all levels.
Explanation:
A decrease in the productivity of producers of an ecosystem will lead to a decrease in all other organisms of the ecosystem including top-level consumers to the bottom-level producers due to the fact that producers provide energy and food to primary consumers.
It is because they are the only organisms that convert the sunlight to usable energy and food that transfer from one trophic level to other, so if the population of producers or their productivity will decrease then there will be decreased population size at all levels.
Answer: The apple reflects red light and absorbs all other visible wavelengths.
Answer:
The answer is E.) Lithosphere, Asthenosphere.
Explanation:
Tectonic plates belong to the layer called Lithosphere. The tectonic plates float on the Asthenosphere which is below the Lithosphere and more fluid than the crust.
From the Earth's surface to the its center we can say that the inside of the Earth is divided into four layers which, starting from the top , are:
i) the crust
ii) the mantle, (Lithosphere, Asthenosphere , Mesosphere)
iii) the outer core
iv) the inner core.
The tectonic plates are part of the Lithosphere and are constantly moving even though the crust is fairly solid. This is because the inner layers
( Asthenosphere , Mesosphere) are much are fluid and are constantly moving which tends to move the tectonic plates. When the tectonic plates collide they do so with tremendous force which leads to earthquakes and sometimes tsunamis as well resulting in a loss of life and property.
Answer: Phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs
Explanation:
TLRs or Toll-like receptors, are a family of proteins that are part of the innate immune system. TLRs are transmembranous and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are groups of chemical characteristics common to certain types of pathogens. Patterns detected by TLRs include lipopolysaccharide, a compound found on the surfaces of Gram-negative bacteria, and double-stranded RNA, which is an integral part of the life cycles of many viruses. These PAMPs are generally important for the survival of the pathogen, so they are well preserved. <u>Activation of these receptors induces inflammatory responses in leukocytes of myeloid lineage, signaling via NF-κB, which is a transcription factor that activates pro-inflammatory genes</u>. Activated TLRs also increase the production of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and CD40. These proteins, expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, are necessary for the activation of T-lymphocytes by dentritic cells and macrophages already showing antigens in their MHC type II molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex, they participate in the presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes)
<u>In addition, TLR-mediated signaling on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) plays an important role in linking the innate and adaptive immune responses</u>.
The aquatic biome is all of the water on earth
