The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution which is found in Article VI, Clause 2, creates that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its power, constitute the supreme law of the land. It is called the "linchpin of the constitution" because it joins the National Government and the states into a single governmental unit, a federal government.
There were multiple causes for the Greek War of Independence. Nationalism was spreading and the Greeks wanted their own independent government. The Ottomans were suppressing the Greeks because they were the minority so the Greeks wanted a change. They also wanted Christianity.
In common law legal systems, precedent is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.