The event in Japanese history that is a direct result of the Japanese government signing this treaty is the Fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
The fall of the Tokugawa was contributed to a number of direct reasons and indirect reasons; the direct reasons was his inability to deal with the threat of foreign colonial powers, and signing humiliating trade treaties against the will of the nationalist aristocrats and the emperor. Indirect reasons included centuries long grievances from warlords who lost their power under him economic stagnation turning into depression, and development and spread of popular nationalistic, modernist philosophy among the upper classes.
The answer is B, moral duty of the west to work to "civilize" the rest of the world.
