Question

Because the apparent daily movement which is common to both the planets and the fixed stars is seen to travel from the east to the west, but the far slower single movements of the single planets travel in the opposite direction from west to east, it is therefore certain that these movements cannot depend on the common movement of the world but should be assigned to the planets himself

Answer 1

I believe that the question based on this argument should be; is this inductive or deductive argument? This argument is Deductive and mathematical. According to this argument, we only observe two different kinds of movement. The earth moves in one direction only. If we argued that the earth was the reason behind the observed movement, there would only be a single kind of movement in the stellar bodies. Thus, planets move independently and not moved by earth.

Answer 2

The answer is Deductive Reasoning
 Deductive Reasoning is a method of reasoning in which reasoning is done on a statement with the help of logic to reach a conclusion. As opposed to inductive reasoning which starts with conclusion deductive reasoning starts with premise. Here we see that there are that there are two movements but earth moves in a single direction. So the cause of second movement should be movement of stellar body.This is understood by logic so this is a deduction.