"business entrepreneurs" was not a common social class of the kingdoms of sub-Saharan Africa c. eleventh century C.E. since much of the economy was hunting and gathering.
The Middle East is well known for having a vast extension of arid lands knows as the dessert. Therefore, there are few rivers that could be used for navigating purposes through this region. These included The Nile, the Tigris, and the Euphrates.
As a response to this logistical difficulty, Arab sailors developed sailoring techniques and navigational sciences like the sextant during the 10th century. It made it possible for sailors to navigate off the coasts as they no longer needed them as a reference.
Answer:
Dominant powers, Equal in size, and Global influence.
D because they were now aware of challenges that may arise like disease when invading
Containment is a geo-political strategy to stop the expansion of an enemy. During the cold war the US used a policy of containment to stop the spread of communism.
