Mutations result either from accidents during the normal chemical transactions of DNA, often during replication, or from exposure to high-energy electromagnetic radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light or X-rays) or particle radiation or to highly reactive chemicals in the environment. Mutation can be of 4 types Germline mutations occur in gametes. Somatic mutations occur in other body cells. Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure. Point mutations change a single nucleotide. Frameshift mutations are additions or deletions of nucleotides that cause a shift in the reading frame. Factor that influenced mutation are the size of the gene, its base composition, its position in the genome, and whether or not it is being actively transcribed influence its mutation rate.

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The RNA meets with the organelle ribosome that will read it to build a polypeptide chain of amino acids, following the process o

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The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is is a series of flattened sacs connected to ribosomes. The Golgi Apparatus is an organelle composed of flattened stacked pouches known as <em>cisternae</em>.

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Specifically, this organelle is attached on the ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER) which will help to modify and package the polypeptide product.

It puts it into a transport vesicle to be sent over to the GOLGI APPARATUS to add molecular tags and sort it, like a post office.

The RER is required for the production and secretion of different hormones and proteins.

The Golgi apparatus plays fundamental roles associated with the transport, modification, and packaging of proteins and lipids into vesicles, which are subsequently delivered to specific cellular destinations.