Answer:
negative punishment
Explanation:
Punishment (positive or negative) decreases the chances that a particular behavioral reoccurs.
Handing a prison sentence to anyone that offends the laws of the state is an example of negative punishment based on available research. This is because, serving a prison sentence makes it more likely that the convict will commit the same crime again.
While many experts in criminal justice have observed that many ex-convicts tend to re-offend, the principles of positive punishment for convicts have been set out by Peter B. Wood in his paper titled "Exploring the Positive Punishment Effect Among Incarcerated Adult Offenders
"; American Journal of Criminal Justice 31(2):8-22; 2007; .
In his submission;
<em> "As the U.S. has pursued a policy of mass imprisonment for nearly three decades, now boasts the highest incarceration rate in the world and returns nearly 800,000 ex-convicts into our communities each year, more attention to this issue is called for-particularly since it could be argued that, for many offenders, criminal justice punishments promote future offending."</em>
Answer:
Explanation:
Alright so the way to do this is to use properties of integrals to make our life easier.
So we have:

So lets break this up into two different integrals that represent the same area.

Lets think about what is going on up there. The integral from four to zero gives us the area under the curve of f(x) from four to zero. If we subtract this from the integral from one to zero (the area under f from one to zero) we are left with the area under f from four to one! Hence:

But since we have these values we can say that:
-3 - 2 = -5
Which means that
= -5
So now we can evaluate 
Lets first break up our integrand into two integrals
= 
Now we can evaluate this:
We know that
= -5
So:
where x is evaluated at 4 to 1 so
-15 + 2(3)
So we are left with -15 + 6 = -9
Shaded relief maps show features on the surface, such as mountains, valleys, plateaus, and canyons.
works for edg