The medieval guilds were generally one of two types: merchant guilds or craft guilds. Merchant guilds were associations of all or most of the merchants in a particular town or city; these men might be local or long-distance traders, wholesale or retail sellers, and might deal in various categories of goods.
The correct answer should be Unification. Due to the rise in nationalism and the establishment of the concept of common history, people in Germany and Italy were able to unite since before they were just a bunch of smaller independent kingdoms. With the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, they started forming large states based on a common history.
