1. For the first one here the missing part would be Supreme Court. Article II of the Constitution establishes a single Supreme Court. In the Constitution it says :"The Judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court". To power to interpret the laws lays within the Supreme Court and the inferior courts.
2. The power to create lower courts, that is "inferior" courts is vested to the Congress of the United States. As it says in Article III: " and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." The lower courts that the Congress establishes are inferior to the Supreme Court and thus are termed "inferior", the rulings of the Supreme Court apply to all lower courts.
Possibly, though I can't really say.
The increase of technology used during the construction of the railroads and factories is considered the second Industrial Revolution. This is because of the many inventions and help of transportation use. Hope this helps.
Independent African-Americans were treated much better in the North than in the South.
The monarchy was proclaimed by the National Convention of France on September 21, 1792. This happened during the French Revolution when they oust Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI.
I hope I was able to help you. Have a good day.
