It was used to communicate using written language
They feared the retaliation of the U.S. and the fear of nuclear war
Theodor Herzl was one of the key founders of the Zionist movement, which was a nationalist movement for the Jewish people. Herzl's book "The Jewish State" urged the establishment of a nation-state specifically for the Jewish people, at a time when nationalism was the dominant mood throughout Europe. Convinced that the Jews would never truly be welcomed or assimilated within the countries of Europe, Herzl argued for establishment of their own homeland somewhere. (Eventually that "somewhere" became a movement focused on going back to the ancestral land of Israel.)
Herzl believed that the nationalism and anti-Semitism that prevailed in European countries would actually encourage those governments to help the Jews leave and form their own nation elsewhere (answer E in your list of choices).
