Vroom assumes that behavior results from conscious choices between alternatives. It uses the Expectation, Instrumentation, and Valence variables to explain this:
The expectation is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance, if I work harder then it will be better. It is the belief that one's effort will result in achieving desired performance goals.
Instrumentality is the belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met. That is, if I do a good job, there is something in it for me. This reward may come in the form of a pay raise, promotion, recognition or sense of accomplishment. Instrumentality is low when the reward is the same whatever the performance.
Valencia is the importance an individual attaches to rewards. Individual desires or goals can be classified by their importance (valence), representing how much that desire may or may not influence motivation according to its importance to the person. For example, if someone is primarily motivated by money, they may not value free time offers.
Emily Dickinson was a reclusive American poet.
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Answer:
c. post-conventional.
Explanation:
Lawrence Kohlberg's argued that an action is not in itself considered moral or immoral, but rather, what is important is the underlying reason for such action that should be considered whether it is moral or not. Lawrence Kohlberg explained how moral rationality changes as one progresses in life right from childhood to adulthood. This he explains by proposing levels of moral development.
According to Kohlberg, an individual who is at the post-conventional level of development always look beyond just the moral perspective of their society, and often engages in more abstract principles and values that transcend beyond a society and takes into consideration a more general perspective that embraces the good of all in all societies and people.
The statement highlighted in the question above best matches the logic of someone at Kohlberg's level of moral development.
The Constitutional Convention took place in 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At this convention leaders from across the original 13 colonies came together to draft the constitution in order to replace the Articles of Confederation and establish the governing document of the newly formed United States of America. This document remains a living document serving as the basis for the United States democracy still over 200 years later.
The online teaching/learning constitutes a serious challenge that both university teachers and students have to face. Students procrastinated more in the online learning environment than in the face-to-face setting; they likewise procrastinated more when completing high-complexity tasks than low-complexity tasks. Online coursework generally yields worse student performance than in-person coursework
A significant interaction effect shows that the students reacted differently to deadlines for high- and low-complexity tasks. Educators have faced several obstacles, including academic procrastination. Academic procrastination refers to intentionally putting off working on an assignment, which negatively influences academic achievement.
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