The switching from old gas guzzlers to more fuel-efficient cars is an example of substitution effect.
Substitution effect is the switching of customer from a more expensive product to a cheaper product. This is usually because of an increase in price or a decrease in the customers income.
Substitution effect can be positive for consumers if they can continue to by the products they like. Also, this effect can be negative for consumers if it results in fewer choices of that product or products of lower quality.
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Lower pitch and longer wave
Actually, people can only speculate what actually happened. Atheists have their beliefs and so do other religions. Christianity believes that when God created the world, he made the seas, oceans, rivers etc. :)
Enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes.