True.
The doctrine of stare decisis involves the deciding of
subsequent cases involving similar legal principles and facts in reference to
similar earlier cases. As a result, a court cannot overturn its own precedents
unless there compelling reasons to do so. Also, decisions of higher courts are
binding on lower courts
Answer: d. shaping
Explanation:
This is a method used to establish a particular behavior that someone hasn't learnt by introducing if slow by slow until it reaches a desired behavior.
This involves successive steps of reinforcing a behavior until it is completely grasped.
The steps that are used in reinforcing this behaviour are closely associated with the behaviour that need to be reached at the end.
For example a baby is given a candy so that he can utter the word for candy which is a first step towards shaping him to learn to communicate
A reinforcement need to be kept up until the person has learned the behavior.
Answer:
The Battle of Tours
Explanation:
Charles Martel is known for winning the Battle of Tours in 732 CE and turning back the Muslim invaders in Europe.
Answer:
a) distribution of the national income among generations will become even more difficult.
