Answer:
Variable Ratio Schedule
Explanation:
First, there are two different types of reinforcement:
The positive reinforcement applies a stimulus to increase the frequency of the desirable variable.
The negative reinforcement removes a stimulus to increase the frequency of the desirable variable.
However, the positive reinforcement divides itself in different types:
A continuous reinforcement schedule gives us a reinforcement every time we engaged in the desired conduct.
On the other side, the partial reinforcement schedule also divides itself in
And these divide themselves in fixed or variable.
- The fixed ratio schedule gives a reinforcement after a <u>fixed number</u> of desired responses.
- The variable ratio schedule gives a reinforcement after a <u>changing</u> <u>number</u> of desired responses.
- The fixed interval schedule gives a reinforcement after a <u>constant amount of time.</u>
- The variable interval schedule gives a reinforcement after a <u>variable amount of time.</u>
In the example, the rats get a pellet of food, so we're talking about a reinforcement. They <u>don't get a reward EVERY TIME</u> they press the bar so we are not talking about a continuous reinforcement but a partial reinforcement. Since the rats press the bar and get a reward after certain <u>NUMBER</u> of times, we're talking about a ratio schedule. Finally, the number of times they need to press the bar to get a reward <u>VARIES</u> from trial to trial so this is a Variable Ratio Schedule.
Hot air waves and cold air waves colliding
The author's name is Upton Sinclair.
Upton Sinclair was an American journalist and novelist. <em>'The Jungle', </em>published in 1905, exposed the harsh reality of immigrants in the United States, particularly those who worked in the meat industry.
Sinclair describes the appealing conditions in meat packing plants in the USA as a way to advance socialism. The book concentrates around the life of a Lithuanian immigrant family who came to the USA to live the American dream. It portrays working class poverty, the lack of social supports, harsh living and working conditions in the factories.
"The Jungle" did not live up to its author's expectations as most readers were more concerned about the quality of meat being packed in the factories, health violations and unsanitary practices, than the plight of the workers. This public outcry led to the creation of the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906.
Answer:
a. certain types of cancers take twenty to thirty years to develop, and cell phone studies have only been monitoring this potential connection for ten years or less.
Explanation:
<u>This statement explains how we can't for the sure claim there are more benefits off the cell phone because the studies of the health effects have not been going on for long enough for us to prove that.</u>
<u>The damage is yet to be revealed, as stated in the claim, but it can be of great influence if proven that cell phones are connected to the development of cancer.</u>
<u>The B statement</u> does not add anything to the first claim and does not contradict it, as it just gives information about phone history usage and not the health benefits or risks.
<u>The C statement </u>is not counterclaiming as it adds up to the mentioned benefits - it explains how cell phones are helping life in general and do not refer to the statement about health risks.
<u>The D statement </u>mentions claims by agencies that are not health-based, and also supports the first statement, saying how there are no links to cancer development so far. It actually only goes with the original statement, and the A statement is counterclaim for it as well.
