Answers to #1:
Raphael Lemkin's definition of genocide was not accepted until after the Holocaust.
Raphael Lemkin had been studying the problem of mass killings of a people group since the 1920s, in regard to Turkish slaughter of Armenians in 1915. He coined the term "genocide" in 1944, in reference then also to the Holocaust. The term uses Greek language roots and means "killing of a race" of people. Lemkin served as an advisor to Justice Robert Jackson, the lead prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials. "Crimes against humanity" was the charge used at the Nuremberg trials, since no international legal definition of "genocide" had yet been accepted. Ultimately, Lemkin was able to persuade the United Nations to accept the definition of genocide and codify it into international law. In December, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which made use of a number of Lemkin's ideas on the subject.
#2: For item #2, you didn't ask a question, so I won't attempt to guess at what question you might have in mind. The definition as you quote it comes from Article II of the UN's Genocide Convention. Article III also indicts intention and conspiracy to commit genocide as crimes against international law. Article IV of that same Convention then puts teeth into the UN's action, saying, "Persons committing genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III shall be punished, whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals."
The dominant language in the middle east in the following 4th century BC was Greek.
The Greek language is classified as a member of a Greek subfamily of the Indo-European languages. In the 4th Century BC, it influences with the expansion of Macedonian conquests of Alexnder the Great. Hordes of people moved from the areas of the modern-day Greece to settlements in the Middle East during the Hellenistic period, bring the Attic language with them that's why Greek is the most common language of the Middle East.
<span>This is the Google definition....</span><span>The Dual Revolution was a term first coined by Eric Hobbsbawn . It refers specifically to the time period between 1789 and 1848 in which, the political and ideological changes of the French Revolution fused and reinforced the technological and economic changes of the Industrial Revolution.</span><span>Hope this helps you!! =')</span>
That
the introduction into any State or Territory or the District of Columbia ... of
any article of food or drugs which is adulterated or misbranded, within the
meaning of this Act, is hereby prohibited?.
That
the examinations of specimens of foods and drugs shall be made in the Bureau of
Chemistry of the Department of Agriculture, or under the direction and
supervision of such Bureau, for the purpose of determining from such
examinations whether such articles are adulterated or misbranded within the
meaning of this Act....
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I<span>t
would not stretch matters to say that the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 (P.L.
59-384, 34 Stat. 768), also known as the Wiley Act, stands as the most
consequential regulatory statute in the history of the United States.
The act not only gave unprecedented new regulatory powers to the federal
government, it also empowered a bureau that evolved into today's Food and Drug
Administration (FDA).
The legacy of the 1906 act includes federal regulatory authority over
one-quarter of gross domestic product, and includes market gatekeeping power
over human and animal drugs, foods and preservatives, medical devices,
biologics and vaccines. Other statutes (such as the Interstate Commerce Act of
1887, the Sherman and Clayton antitrust laws, and the Federal Trade Commission
Act of 1914) have received more study, but the Pure Food and Drug Act has had
the longest-lasting and most widespread economic, political, and institutional
impact.</span>
<span>-sale of indulgences ... -placed emphasis on the Bible as the only true source of religious authority ... -Luther's pamphlet "to the christian nobility of the german nation" encouraged german princes to resist the <span>Catholic church</span></span>