The answer to your question is D. It establishes. Hope this helps!
The political machines took bribes, controlled contracts, and they embezzled money.
Their organization was very corrupt.
prior to European colonization in Africa, slavery had already existed between the people there, slave owners would willingly offer their slaves to the Europeans in order to protect them selves, the europeans can argue that they did not establish slavery, rather, they continued work that seemed beneficial to them.
