Nitrogen and Carbon make up amino acids, that create proteins.
Phosphates make up DNA and ATP energy which allows for the transport of proteins and lipids in and out of a cell.
Answer:
According to Dr. Ray Schiling (member of the American Academy of Anti-aging medicine) about 1.5 million people suffer from peanut allergies. The seeds of peanut (<em>Arachis hypogea</em>) contain an array of allergens that can induce the production of IgE specific antibodies predisposed individuals. Ara1 and Ara2 are most common seed storage protein that cause allergy. Other allergen proteins such as Ara3 to Ara 17 have also been identified that cause allergy.
Entry of peanut allergen into body
When peanut allergens enter the body of an individuals it leads to development of different symptoms like itchy skin, tingling sensation, nausea, runny nose and anaphylaxis.
Allergic response
There are two subsets of T-cells Th1 and Th2. Both invoke different response to allergens. Th1 direct a non-allergic response while Th2 direct allergic response ranging from releasing of histamine to anaphylactic response. The presence of IL-12 cytokines direct a Th1 based, nonspecific response.
Mechanism of allergic response (interaction between helper T cell and B cell)
Step 1.
When allergen enter to body they are encountered by B cells. Immunoglobulin receptors on the surface of B cells recognize antigen (Peanut allergens) and get attached, which are then internalized and processed. Within B cells the fragments of antigens combine with HLA class 2 proteins.
Step 2
HLA class 2 with antigen fragments (peanut allergens) then display on the surface of B cells.
Step 3
Receptors on the surface of helper T cells recognizes the complex of HLA class 2 and antigen fragments (peanut allergen) and is activated to produce cytokines, which activate the B cells.
Step 4
B cell is activated by cytokines and begins clonal expansion. Some of the progeny become anti-body producing plasma cells while other become memory B cells.
Scenario 2:
Question 1:
I would want to have my DNA profile kept in a medical record for doctors to see, because if anything ever happens to me, and they need a reading of my DNA they have it available.
Question 2:
There are definitely pros and cons for having tests done and referring to DNA sequences when trying to refer to a patient's medical treatment. A pro would be that doing this it gives a lot of information about your DNA, and it provides helpful information so if doctors ever needed to perform treatment, that would be a good source for them to go too. A con would be if you ever have a treatment done, and scientists refer to your DNA sequence and proscribe medicine, they won't know how you will react to the medicine, and if it will work.
Question 3:
Having this technology now will definitely help us pin-point any genetic diseases in individuals, because of the copies of their DNA.