Question

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Answer 1

the clause, which took effect in 1868 provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction 

Answer 2

Amendment 14th of the Constitution of the United States provides that no Member State or National State can prevent any of the individual rights granted to citizens through the Constitution.

It declares as primary rights that will be guaranteed: the right to life, the right to private property and the right to freedom. From these are derived the rest of individual and group civil rights and freedoms.

It is considered that all citizens without distinction are considered equal before the law and are subject to the same legal processes if they fail to comply with the law, no matter which group or state or jurisdiction it belongs to.

By guaranteeing the individual rights of each of the citizens, the rights of the groups (minority or majority) are also guaranteed as a consequence, because a group by minor that is constituted by individual persons.