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The correct answer is - the introductory text in the sentence cannot stand alone.
The colon after 'including' should be removed because it is completely unnecessary. The word 'including' acts as a colon of sorts, so using both is redundant. You can either delete the colon and leave the sentence as is, or delete the word 'including' and add a colon, but not both.
That is false. You can use a P.S. (post script) at the end of a business or formal letter, but it is uncommon.
I don't think you are supposed to, but im not 100% sure
He shows melancholy because he's writing about a missing loved one
