<u>Different types of water </u><u>erosions</u><u>:</u>
Sheet and rill erosion
Sheet erosion occurs when a thin layer of topsoil is removed over a whole hillside paddock—and may not be readily noticed.
Rill erosion occurs when runoff water forms small channels as it concentrates down a slope.
Scalding
Scalding can occur when wind and water erosion removes the top soil and exposes saline or sodic soils.
Gully erosion
Gully erosion happens when runoff concentrates and flows strongly enough to detach and move soil particles.
Tunnel erosion
Tunnel erosion is the removal of subsoil.
When water penetrates through a soil crack or a hole where a root has decayed, the soil disperses and is carried away with the flow to leave a small tunnel.
Stream bank erosion
Recent floods have made stream bank erosion a widespread problem across Queensland.
The major cause of stream bank erosion is the destruction of vegetation on river banks (generally by clearing, overgrazing, cultivation, vehicle traffic up and down banks or fire) and the removal of sand and gravel from the stream bed.
Erosion on floodplains
Some of Queensland’s best agricultural land is on floodplains because of the high fertility soils and availability of water for irrigation. These areas are subjected to high velocity floods that erode soils with insufficient surface cover.
Some mountains are volcanoes, and some volcanoes are mountains, but not all mountains are volcanoes, and not all volcanoes are mountains. For a mountain to be a volcano and a volcano to be a mountain, it must be formed from magma and volcanic materials from below the Earth's surface.
Answer:
PERMAFROST LAYER
Explanation:
Permafrost layer is usually defined as the thick layer of soil that is mixed with the broken rock fragments and other sediments, and are covered by ice throughout the year. These are mostly found in the higher latitudinal region, where the thickness of these layers ranges from a few meters to tens and hundreds of meters. The melting of these layers in these regions leads to an increase in the sea level.
For example, the permafrost layers of tundra and subarctic zones in Russia and its nearby areas, which have a thickness of about three meters.
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