Answer:
The States had the power to tax under the Articles of Confederation, but the central government didn't so I would say it's: Only the states could raise taxes, so the national government had a hard time paying its debts and expenses
I believe that it means you have to work for what you want, in other words, you are given what you need to do anything but you have to work for what you want
It further showed the influence that the church had on the crown.
It showed that the papacy didn't mind going to war for what they wanted.
It rallied the country together for a common cause, looking up to the papacy.
I'd say that they got it from exploration, really.
Which following are you reffering to? Be more specific.