Answer:
I think Terrorism has been a challenge for the US because there have been some serious attacks that left many people dead.
Answer:
1. Appearance of intellectuals and the bourgeoisie.
2. The reason against faith in science.
3. Waste ecclesiastical.
4. Changes in the world view.
I hope this helps you and I'm very sorry if it doesn't.
Have a great day! :)
If I had to guess right, I think that I would choose "trade routes".
Why? The Ottomans were greedy people, they wanted both gold and wealth, so controlling trade routes would benefit their own economy.<span />