<span>Excommunication, the formal process of banishing someone from the Church, and interdict, a formal measure which bans certain Church members from participating in specific holy rites, were used extensively by the 11th century popes. Since the Church was the dominant social institution, its power was interwoven with that of other political structures, and popes were able to use these tools to apply coercion or removal to those who disagreed with them. For example, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV was excommunicated on four separate occasions due to his disagreements with Gregory VII and Urban II.</span>
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In 1887, after several years of debate and controversy, Congress passed the General Allotment Act, or “Dawes Act,” and President Cleveland signed it into law. The goal of the policy was to break down tribal relationships and hasten Native assimilation into mainstream society.
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d. The Lusitania was sunk in 1917.
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This statement is wrong. The Lusitania, a British trasatlantic passenger ship, was sunk in 1915, not in 1917, by a German submarine. It is one of the causes of the United States entering WWI.
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The motive of Juan Ponce de Leon's exploration was to find the fountain of youth.