The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, in anticipation of an expected war with France, restricted the activities of foreign residents in the country (such as voting), allowed the government to deport foreigners deemed dangerous, limited freedom of speech and of the press and allowed the President to imprison whoever openly opposed to their measures.
Many interpret these acts to be a violation of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution because they limited the freedom of expression and press guaranteed under this amendment, as an attempt to silence opposition to the government's actions.
The poor standing of Leopold the 2nd is most probably attributed to the role he had in the extermination of huge amounts of people in Belgian colonies at the time. This wasn't known at the time, but today we known that Leopold the 2nd had ordered a genocide over the Congonese people.
Renaissance was a cultural movement that began in Italy and spread across Europe while reformation was the Northern European Christian movement. Renaissance paved the way for the advancement in art and architecture, whereas Reformation paved the way for religious fragmentation.
