People didn't have to move anymore like nomads, they could settle down and grow crops near river valleys. This enabled them to grow surpluses that could be traded with other civilizations. This meant that the amount of wealth grew and individuals started becoming richer than the others, leading in them becoming important in the society and developing political systems.
D) Autocracy is your best answer.
The Ottoman Empire is reigned by a Sultan (the head of the government), with a central government (One (& the only) branch holds all the power) as support for the Sultan. This means that as long as the head (Sultan) is a capable man, he is able to provide needs (& wants) to his people, as well as provide universal healthcare and benefits, as well as profits from across seas and either peace or territorial expansions.
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Ecology is the study of interactions between the environment and living creatures.
The physical location of a place is called a SITE