Industrialization in the north caused middle class to emerge. The Industrial
Revolution took place from the 18th to 19th centuries. It offered new manufacturing processes, new forms of production and new scales of
production. Middle class was a consequence of the Industrial Revolution. The
<span>investments and the power was not more held by the nobility and the Church, but it was more flexible and the middle class emerged.</span>
A secular leader can be any leader that does not allow the church to interfere with the business of the country. Secularization is separating the church from the state, so a secular American leader can be pretty much anyone from recent history like Obama, or Bush, or Reagan, or even Kennedy who although sometimes attacked for his Catholicism, was still secular and did not mix his beliefs with the state.
According to Lafeber, this event was important for American politics because it showed that the president had much higher war powers than what was initially believed to be and the people and the congress only realized how big this power was later when other presidents started participating in wars. This was the long term effect on the US politics.
It comes from the Ancient Greeks, but if you go even further it goes back to Ancient Mycenaean.<span />
<span>European countries that
built large maritime empire between 1450-1750 are Portugal, Spain, Great
Britain, France and the Netherlands. By 1494, Portugal and Spain were already
fighting over land in the newly found Americas which was resolved with the Treaty
of Tordesillas, establishing that everything to the east of the line belonged
to Portugal and everything to the west belonged to Spain. Soon after that, Great
Britain, France and the Netherlands, started their own expeditions. These nations
competed with each other by rapidly acquiring colonies and conquering new
lands.</span>
