Answer:
The Fall of Constantinople severely hurt trades in the European region. The Ottoman conquest affected the highly lucrative Italian trade and gradually reduced trade bases in the region. Also the fall was just the first step that eventually turned the Black Sea and the Mediterranean into Turkish lakes for trade.
I'm not sure what "the following" was so here is my best guess.
England was losing claim in asia, africa, and some parts of europe that they had previous control of
It ashamed american national foreign identity
A. ruled against government regulations.
